The Truth About Alcohol and Breastfeeding

There’s a lot of confusing and conflicting information around mothers drinking alcohol and breastfeeding. Advice ranges from “Don’t drink at all; no amount of alcohol is safe for your baby!” to “Just follow the general guidelines that everyone should follow; breastfeeding isn’t a special consideration at all.” And in between, “Drink moderately and wait two to three hours before you breastfeed.”

Why all the conflicting advice? Because there isn’t much research to say how much is safe nor is there any research to say how much isn’t safe. We just don’t know for sure.

These examples can give you an idea of the range of research conclusions:

“As there is no evidence on a safe amount of alcohol in breast milk, alcohol exposure throughout lactation should be avoided, to ensure the welfare of suckling infants.” (Horst et al., 2016) [1]

“Special recommendations aimed at lactating women are not warranted. Instead, lactating women should simply follow standard recommendations on alcohol consumption.” (Haastrup et al. 2014) [2]

What we do know:

• The alcohol present in breast milk is close to the blood alcohol levels of the mom.
• Babies metabolize alcohol differently.
• Babies are negatively affected with chronic exposure to high levels of alcohol.

What we don’t know:

• The exact rate of alcohol metabolism in breast milk for a given woman at a given time.
• The amount of alcohol transmitted to given baby at a given time.
• How much blood alcohol in a baby will be a health problem.
• What is a safe level of alcohol in breast milk.

Alcohol and Breast Milk

Molecularly speaking, alcohol is smaller than other drugs like ibuprofen, which is why it passes into breast milk from the mother’s bloodstream more readily than other drugs.

Alcohol in breast milk is nearly the same as blood alcohol levels, though there is contention as to whether it is a bit more or a bit less. There are studies that show that breast milk contains both a little more and less alcohol compared to blood [3,4].

“Pump and Dump”

Pump and dump is a term used when lactating mothers pump or express milk before or after drinking alcohol. The reason for this is twofold: to decrease engorgement, and to decrease alcohol in breast milk.

Regardless of alcohol consumption, pumping or expressing milk to relieve engorgement when mothers can’t breastfeed for an extended period of time is very well established an widely practiced. However, the idea that this leads to less alcohol in the breast milk is less established.

There is research suggesting it changes the pharmacokinetics of alcohol metabolism (how quickly alcohol is metabolized). To clarify, pumping and dumping isn’t about getting rid of the alcohol that’s in the breast milk while drinking, but about stimulating the breakdown of alcohol [5]. Interestingly, pumping (or feeding) before drinking alcohol seems to work even better than pumping afterwards [5,6].

Alternatively, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that pumping and dumping is not helpful — a position that is based on a 1985 study [3,7].

This study didn’t actually look at pumping and dumping, but rather at the amount of alcohol in breast milk after drinking different amounts of alcohol. There was no comparison between alcohol levels in breast milk after one hour with and without pumping.

The scientific evidence so far is that pumping and dumping is likely to increase the rate of alcohol metabolism and definitely relieves discomfort due to engorgement.

The Effect of Alcohol on the Baby

Very few studies have looked at the short-term impact of a mother drinking alcohol on their babies for good reason — it is unethical.

However, research has found that, until five years old, children have a much lower ability to metabolize alcohol (as measured by activity of alcohol dehydrogenase). Babies under two months of age have less than 20 percent of the ability to metabolize alcohol [8].

Studies have also found that alcohol changes the flavor of milk, that babies could tell the difference, and that they tended to drink more alcohol-flavored milk [9,10]. However, if the milk actually contained alcohol (vs. just being flavored with alcohol), babies drank less milk during breastfeeding even if they did suck more initially [11,12].

The Adverse Effects of Moderate Drinking

Though limited, there are a few studies on the impact of moderate drinking on breastfed babies.

Drinking has been found to decrease baby’s sleep from average of 56.7 minutes down to 34.5 minutes [13], impair motor development [14], and lead to decreased reasoning at age 6-7 years of age [15].

Decrease in baby’s sleep averaged 22 minutes (56.7 minutes down to 34.5 minutes) with the baby taking in 32 mg of alcohol. This amount is comparable to a 47 kg (103 lb) mother drinking one standard drink and breastfeeding about an hour after drinking. In comparison, a 60 kg or 132 lb woman would drink 18 grams of alcohol or about one drink and a quarter to get to similar levels [11-13].

Note: a standard drink is defined as 14 grams of alcohol, which represents a 12 oz beer (about 5 percent alcohol), 5 oz of wine (about 12 percent alcohol) or 1.5 oz of distilled spirits (gin, rum, tequila, vodka, whiskey, etc; about 40 percent alcohol) [16].

A recently published study looked Australian mothers who breastfeed their children, and tracked the children’s development over twelve years. The researchers found that the more the mother drank, the more of a decrease in reasoning scores was found when the children were 6-7 years old. However, by the time the children reached 10-11 years of age, any decreases in reasoning scores went away. Furthermore, this data included binge drinking as well as moderate drinking, and drinking levels were assessed by questionnaires that may not be reliable [15].

What to Do?

There is no single answer as to how much alcohol a breastfeeding mother can drink without affecting their baby. This is because so many factors must be taken into consideration including: [1,3,4,6,8]

• The age of your baby
• How fast you metabolize alcohol (genetics and exposure to alcohol impact this)
• How much alcohol you’ve had
• Whether you’ve eaten or not
• If you breastfed or pumped just prior to drinking and
• If you pumped after drinking .

In its conservative statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends: [7]

“Ingestion of alcoholic beverages should be minimized and limited to an occasional intake but no more than 0.5 g alcohol per kg body weight, which for a 60 kg mother is approximately 2 oz liquor, 8 oz wine, or 2 beers [17]. Nursing should take place 2 hours or longer after the alcohol intake to minimize its concentration in the ingested milk [18].”

This statement is based on an article which further concludes:

“Mothers who choose to drink alcohol while breastfeeding should be aware of the documented effects on nursing infants. Carefully planning a breastfeeding schedule and waiting for complete alcohol clearance from breast milk can ensure that babies are not exposed to any alcohol [18].”

Below is a table the shows how long it takes for breast milk to reach 0 mg of alcohol after drinking one or more drinks depending on the mother’s weight [19]. This table is an estimate as other factors such as mother’s metabolism, genetics, amount of alcohol absorbed, and feeding or pumping right before drinking that would alter these numbers.

In Summary

Avoiding exposure of babies to alcohol even in small amounts is the medically recommended position. Breastfeeding mothers can still drink alcohol in moderation, if they wait for the alcohol in their milk to reach zero.

References

1. Horst PG, Madjunkov M, Chaudry S, Alcohol: A Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Point of View During Lactation, J. Popul. Ther. Clin. Pharmacol., Jul 15, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27463263
2. Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier P, Alcohol and breastfeeding, Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., February 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118767
3. Lawton ME, Alcohol in breast milk, Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., February 1985. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3862407
4. Kesäniemi YA, Ethanol and acetaldehyde in the milk and peripheral blood of lactating women after ethanol administration, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw., January 1974. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4818321
5. Pepino MY, Mennella JA, Effects of breast pumping on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethanol during lactation, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., December 2008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596681
6. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Breast pumping and lactational state exert differential effects on ethanol pharmacokinetics, Alcohol, March 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056373
7. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk: Section on Breastfeeding, Pediatrics, March 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371471
8. Pikkarainen PH, Räihä NC, Development of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the human liver, Pediatr. Res., May 1967. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6080860
9. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK, Early flavor experiences: research update, Nutr. Rev., July 1998. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9697386
10. Mennella JA, Infants’ suckling responses to the flavor of alcohol in mothers’ milk, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., June 1997. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9194908
11. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK, The transfer of alcohol to human milk. Effects on flavor and the infant’s behavior, N. Engl. J. Med., Oct 03, 1991.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1886634
12. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK, Beer, breastfeeding, and folklore, Dev. Psychobiol., December 1993. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2799511/
13. Mennella JA, Gerrish CJ, Effects of exposure to alcohol in mother’s milk on infant sleep, Pediatrics, May 1998. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9565435
14. Little RE, Anderson KW, Ervin CH, Worthington-Roberts B, Clarren SK, Maternal alcohol use during breastfeeding and infant mental and motor development at one year, N. Engl. J. Med., August 17, 1989. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2761576
15. Gibson L, Porter M, Drinking or Smoking While Breastfeeding and Later Cognition in Children, Pediatrics, August 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30061301
16. What Is A Standard Drink? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/what-standard-drink
17. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Nutrition During Lactation, National Academies Press, Feb 01, 1991. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25144080
18. Koren G, Drinking alcohol while breastfeeding. Will it harm my baby?, Can. Fam. Physician, January 2002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11852608
19. Ho E, Collantes A, Kapur BM, Moretti M, Koren G, Alcohol and breast feeding: calculation of time to zero level in milk, Biol. Neonate, 2001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11585986

The post The Truth About Alcohol and Breastfeeding appeared first on Girls Gone Strong.

from Girls Gone Strong https://ift.tt/2Bi4tKh
via IFTTT

loading...